China Study & Guide - AllRefer

CHINA

* Table A. Chronology of Chinese Dynasties
* Country Profile
o COUNTRY
o GEOGRAPHY
o SOCIETY
o ECONOMY
o TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
o GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
o NATIONAL SECURITY
* Introduction
* Chinese History and. Historical Setting
o THE ANCIENT DYNASTIES
+ The Dawn of History
+ The Zhou Period
+ The Hundred Schools of Thought
o THE IMPERIAL ERA
+ The First Imperial Period
+ Era of Disunity
+ Restoration of Empire
+ Mongolian Interlude
+ The Chinese Regain Power
+ The Rise of the Manchus
o EMERGENCE OF MODERN CHINA
+ The Western Powers Arrive
+ The Opium War, 1839-42
+ The Taiping Rebellion, 1851-64
+ The Self-Strengthening Movement
+ The Hundred Days' Reform and the Aftermath
+ The Republican Revolution of 1911
o REPUBLICAN CHINA
+ Nationalism and Communism
# Opposing the Warlords
# Consolidation under the Guomindang
# Rise of the Communists
+ Anti-Japanese War
+ Return to Civil War
o THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
+ The Transition to Socialism, 1953-57
+ The Great Leap Forward, 1958-60
+ Readjustment and Recovery, 1961-65
+ The Cultural Revolution Decade, 1966-76
# The Militant Phase, 1966-68
# The Ninth National Party Congress to the Demise of Lin Biao, 1969-71
# End of the Era of Mao Zedong, 1972-76
+ The Post-Mao Period, 1976-78
+ China and the Four Modernizations, 1979-82
* China - Physical Environment and Population
o PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
+ Boundaries
+ Terrain and Drainage
+ Climate
+ Wildlife
o POPULATION
+ The Data Base
+ Mortality and Fertility
+ Population Control Programs
+ Density and Distribution
+ Migration
# Internal
# Urbanization
# Emigration and Immigration
+ Minority Nationalities
# Demographic Overview
# Policy
+ Labor Force
+ Health Care
* China -The Social System
o ETHNIC BOUNDARIES
o HAN DIVERSITY AND UNITY
o TRADITIONAL SOCIETY AND CULTURE
+ Diffusion of Values
+ The Confucian Legacy
+ Traditional Social Structure
+ The Examination System
+ Social Stratification
+ Stratification and Families
+ Social Mobility
o SOCIAL CHANGE
o DIFFERENTIATION
+ The Work Place
+ Communist Party Membership
+ Urban-Rural Distinctions
+ Regional Distinctions
o COMMON PATTERNS
+ Work Units
+ Wages and Benefits
+ Informal Mechanisms of Exchange
o RURAL SOCIETY
+ Collectivization and Class Status
+ Decollectivization
+ The Role of the Household
+ Consequences of Rural Reform
+ Regulations and Favors
+ Family and Household
+ Marriage
+ Community Structure
o URBAN SOCIETY
+ Distinctive Features
+ Housing
+ Families and Marriage
+ Providing for the Next Generation
+ Opportunities and Competition
+ Examinations, Hereditary Transmission of Jobs, and Connections
o WOMEN
o RELIGION
o TRENDS AND TENSIONS
* China - Education and Culture
o EDUCATION POLICY
o THE EDUCATION SYSTEM
+ New Directions
+ Compulsory Education Law
+ Key Schools
o PRIMARY EDUCATION
+ Primary Schools
+ Preschool Education
+ Special Education
o SECONDARY EDUCATION
+ Middle Schools
+ Vocational and Technical Schools
o HIGHER EDUCATION
+ Background
+ Modernization Goals in the 1980s
# Entrance Examinations and Admission Criteria
# Changes in Enrollment and Assignment Policies
# Scholarship and Loan System
# Study Abroad
+ Educational Investment
o TEACHERS
o ADULT EDUCATION
+ Role in Modernization
+ Alternative Forms
+ Literacy and Language Reform
o POLICY TOWARD INTELLECTUALS
+ Background
+ Post-Mao Development
o CULTURE AND THE ARTS
+ Traditional Literature
# Classics
# Early Prose
# Early Poetry
# Later Prose
# Modern Prose
+ Literature in the Post-Mao Period
+ Traditional Arts
# Drama
# Music
# Painting and Calligraphy
+ Contemporary Performing Arts
# Motion Pictures
# Radio and Television
# Folk and Variety Arts
+ Publishing
# Background
# Newspapers
+ Libraries and Archives
* China -Economic Context
o GENERAL NATURE OF THE ECONOMY
o ECONOMIC POLICIES, 1949-80
+ Recovery from War, 1949-52
+ The First Five-Year Plan, 1953-57
+ The Great Leap Forward, 1958-60
+ Readjustment and Recovery: "Agriculture First," 1961-65
+ Events During the Cultural Revolution Decade, 1966-76
# High Tide of the Cultural Revolution, 1966-68
# Resumption of Systematic Growth, 1970-74
# The Gang of Four, 1974-76
+ The Post-Mao Interlude, 1976-78
+ Reform of the Economic System, Beginning in 1979
# The Period of Readjustment, 1979-81
# Reform and Opening, Beginning in 1982
o STRUCTURE AND OPERATION OF THE ECONOMY
+ Roles of the Government and the Party
+ The Two Major Sectors: Agriculture and Industry
# Agriculture
# Industry
+ Other Important Sectors
+ Planning
+ The Budget
+ The Banking System
+ Prices
# Determination of Prices
# The Role of Prices
# Problems in Price Policy
# Inflation
o LIVING STANDARDS
+ Progress since 1949
# Food
# Clothing
# Consumer Goods
# Housing
+ Income Distribution
o POTENTIAL FOR ACHIEVING NATIONAL GOALS
* China - Agriculture
o RESOURCES ENDOWMENT
o AGRICULTURAL POLICIES
+ The 1950s
+ Importance of Agriculture Recognized
+ Recovery
+ Post-Mao Policies
o PLANNING AND ORGANIZATION
o OPERATIONAL METHODS AND INPUTS
+ Cropping Patterns
+ Fertilizer
+ Mechanization
+ Water Conservancy
+ Pest Control
+ Seed Varieties
+ Agricultural Science
o PRODUCTION
+ Crops
+ Animal Husbandry
+ Forestry
+ Fishery
+ Sideline Production
o AGRICULTURAL TRADE
* China - Industry
o TRENDS IN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION
o ORGANIZATION
o GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF INDUSTRY
o LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGY
o SUPPLIES OF INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES
+ Capital
+ Labor
+ Raw Materials
+ Energy
o MANUFACTURING
+ Iron and Steel
+ Machine Building
# Machine Tools
# Electric Power Equipment
# Transportation Equipment
# Metallurgical Equipment
# Electronics
+ Chemicals
+ Building Materials
+ Paper
+ Textiles
+ Food Processing
+ Other Consumer Goods
o CONSTRUCTION
+ Housing Construction
+ Capital Construction
o MINING
+ Coal
+ Iron Ore
+ Other Minerals and Metals
o ENERGY
+ Oil and Natural Gas
+ Electric and Nuclear Power
o RURAL INDUSTRY
o DEFENSE INDUSTRY
* China - Trade and Transportation
o INTERNAL TRADE AND DISTRIBUTION
+ Agriculture
+ Industry
+ Lateral Economic Cooperation
+ Retail Sales
o FOREIGN TRADE
+ History of Chinese Foreign Trade
+ Trade Policy in the 1980s
+ Organization of Foreign Trade
# Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
# Foreign Trade Corporations and Enterprises
# Financial Transactions and Investment
# Other Organizations Involved in Trade
+ Composition of Foreign Trade
+ Trading Partners
+ Tourism
o TRANSPORTATION
+ Railroads
+ Subways
+ Highways and Roads
+ Bridges
+ Inland Waterways
+ Maritime Shipping
+ Civil Aviation
o POSTAL SERVICES
o TELECOMMUNICATIONS
+ Historical Development
+ Telecommunications Services
* China - Science and Technology
o HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY
+ Pre-1949 Patterns
# Foreign Learning and Chinese Learning
+ Soviet Influence in the 1950s
+ "Reds" Versus "Experts" in the 1950s and 1960s
+ Rehabilitation and Rethinking, 1977-84
o SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 1980S
+ The Supply of Skilled Manpower
+ Research Institutes
+ National Organization and Administration
# Chinese Academy of Sciences
# State Science and Technology Commission
# National Defense Science, Technology, and Industry Commission
# Research in Colleges, Universities, and Enterprises
# Planning Scientific Research
+ Integration of Administrative Systems
# Leading Group for Science and Technology
# China Association of Science and Technology
+ International Ties
o THE REFORM PROGRAM
+ Shortcomings of the Science and Technology System
+ The Program
# The Relation with Economic Reform
# Technology Markets and Joint Ventures
# Personnel and Job Mobility
o TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
+ Policy
+ Modes of Transfer
+ Linking Technology and Economics
* China - Party and Government
o CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY
+ Party Constitution
+ National Party Congresses
+ Central Committee and Political Bureau
+ Secretariat
+ Central Military Commission
+ Other Party Organs
+ Membership
+ Mass Organizations
# Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
# Democratic Parties
# Trade Unions
# Communist Youth League
# Women, Artists, Students, and Others
o THE GOVERNMENT
+ Constitutional Framework
+ The National People's Congress
+ The State Council
+ The Judiciary
+ Local Administration
+ The Cadre System
o THE MEDIA
* China - The Political Process
o POLITICAL REALIGNMENTS AT THE PARTY CENTER
+ Deng Xiaoping Consolidates Power
+ Institutionalizing Collective Leadership
+ A Successor Generation
o THE FIRST WAVE OF REFORM, 1979-84
+ The Opening Up Policy and Reform in the Countryside
+ Rectification and Reform
o THE SECOND WAVE OF REFORM, 1984-86
+ The Repercussions of Urban Reform
+ The Decentralization of Power
o THE THIRD WAVE OF REFORM, BEGINNING IN 1986
+ Political Reform
+ Resistance and the Campaign Against Bourgeois Liberalization
o THE POLITICS OF MODERNIZATION
+ The Components of Reform
+ Competing Bureaucratic Interests
+ Deng Xiaoping's Seminal Role
o MARXISM-LENINISM-MAO ZEDONG THOUGHT RE-THOUGHT
+ The Role of Ideology
+ Ideology and the Socialist Man
+ Ideology and Social Change
* China - Foreign Relations
o EVOLUTION OF FOREIGN POLICY
+ Historical Legacy and Worldview
+ Nationalism
+ The Influence of Ideology
+ Decision Making and Implementation
# Government and Party Organizations
# Ministry of Foreign Affairs
# Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade
# Ministry of National Defense
# "People-to-People" Diplomacy
# The Decision-Making Process
o AN OVERVIEW OF CHINA'S FOREIGN RELATIONS
+ Sino-Soviet Relations
+ Sino-American Relations
+ Relations with the Third World
+ Relations with the Developed World
# Japan
# Europe
+ China's Role in International Organizations
* China - Criminal Justice and Public Security
o THE LEGAL SYSTEM
+ The Imperial Era
+ Republican China
+ Developments after 1949
# Early Years of the People's Republic, 1949-53
# The Legal System under the 1954 State Constitution
# The Legal System under the 1975 State Constitution
+ Return to Socialist Legality
# Legal Reforms in the 1982 State Constitution
o COURT STRUCTURE AND PROCESS
o LAW ENFORCEMENT
+ Historical Background
+ Public Security Forces
# The People's Armed Police Force
# State Security
+ Grass-Roots Organizations
o THE PENAL SYSTEM
* China - National Defense
o HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT, 1927-79
+ From the Founding of the People's Liberation Army to the Korean War
+ Military Modernization in the 1950s and 1960s
+ The People's Liberation Army in the Cultural Revolution
+ Military Modernization in the 1970s
o MILITARY MODERNIZATION
+ Civil-Military Relations
# Political Role of the People's Liberation Army
# Party Control
# Popular Attitudes Toward the People's Liberation Army
+ Military Organization
# State and Party Central Military Commissions
# Ministry of National Defense and National Defense Science, Technology, and Industry Commission
# Operational Control
# General Staff Department
# General Political Department
# General Logistics Department
# Streamlining and Reduction in Force
+ Doctrine, Strategy, and Tactics
+ Education and Training
# Revitalization of the Military Academy System
# Training Reforms
+ Personnel
# Recruitment
# Conditions of Service
# Promotion
# Ranks, Uniforms, and Insignia
+ Defense Industry and the Economic Role of the People's Liberation Army
# Military Expenditures
# Military Research and Development and the National Defense Science, Technology, and Industry Commission
# Defense Industry
# Weapons Production
# The Role of Foreign Military Technology
# Arms Sales
# Civilian Production
# Economic Roles of the People's Liberation Army
o PERCEPTION OF THREAT
+ The Soviet Union
+ Vietnam
+ India
+ South China Sea
+ Taiwan
o FOREIGN MILITARY COOPERATION
o FORCE STRUCTURE
+ Ground Forces
+ Air Force
+ Navy
+ Nuclear Forces
+ Paramilitary Forces
# Militia
# Reserve Service System
# Production and Construction Corps
# People's Armed Police Force
o ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND PROSPECTS
* Appendices
o Appendix B. Chronology and Lists
o Appendix C. The People's Libertion Army at a Glance
* Bibliography
* Glossary