Hungary Study & Guide - AllRefer - Hungary Information

* Table A. Chronology of Important Events
* Country Profile
o COUNTRY
o GEOGRAPHY
o SOCIETY
o ECONOMY
o TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
o GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
o NATIONAL SECURITY
* Introduction
* Historical Setting
o EARLY HISTORY
o MEDIEVAL PERIOD
+ Christianization of the Magyars
+ Stephen I
+ Politics and Society under Stephen's Successors
+ Reconstruction
o RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION
+ Golden Era
+ Reign of Ulaszlo II and Louis II
+ Partition of Hungary
# Royal Hungary
# Ottoman Hungary
# Transylvania
+ End of the Partition
o HUNGARY UNDER THE HABSBURGS
+ Reign of Leopold II
+ Reign of Charles VI and Maria Theresa
+ Enlightened Absolutism
+ Economic and Social Developments
+ The Revolution of March 1848
+ Aftermath of the Revolution
o DUAL MONARCHY
+ Constitutional and Legal Framework
+ Rise of the Liberal Party
+ Social Changes
+ Political and Economic Life, 1905-19
# World War I
# Hungarian Soviet Republic
# Counterrevolution
o TRIANON HUNGARY
+ Postwar Political and Economic Conditions
+ Bethlen Government
+ Economic Development
+ The Great Depression
+ Radical Right in Power
+ World War II
o POSTWAR HUNGARY
+ Coalition Government and Communist Takeover
+ Rakosi's Rule
+ Revolution of 1956
+ Kadar's Reforms
+ New Economic Mechanism
* The Society and Its Environment
o PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
+ Topography
+ Climate
o POPULATION
+ Historical Trends
+ Structure
+ Settlement Patterns
o THE HUNGARIAN PEOPLE
+ Origins and Language
+ Minority Groups
o SOCIAL STRUCTURE
+ Interwar Period
+ Postwar Societal Transformation
+ Social Relations in the 1980s
# The Elite
# The Disadvantaged
o SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
+ The Family
+ Mass Organizations
# Trade Unions
# Women
# Youth
# Other Popular Groups
+ Religion and Religious Organizations
o EDUCATION
o HEALTH AND WELFARE
+ Health
+ Welfare
+ Housing
o DISSENT AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION
* The Economy
o RESOURCE BASE
+ Energy Resources
+ Mineral Resources
+ Land, Climate, and Forests
+ Environmental Problems
o LABOR FORCE
+ Work Force
+ Underemployment and Unemployment
+ Labor Turnover
+ Women in the Work Force and Foreign Workers
o ECONOMIC SYSTEM AND CONTROL MECHANISMS
+ Role of Party and Government Bodies
+ Ownership
+ Planning
+ Economic Regulators
# Prices
# Wages, Salaries, and Incentives
# Taxes
# Enterprise Income Regulation
# Exchange-Rate Controls
# Direct Administrative Intervention
+ Finance
# Financial Institutions
# Credit Criteria
# Financial Instruments
# Bankruptcy
+ Industrial Organization
+ Agricultural Organization
# Large-Scale Farming
# Small-Scale Farming
# Ancillary Activities
+ Private Activity
+ Conflict-Resolution Mechanisms
o ECONOMIC SECTORS
+ Industry
# Energy
# Mineral Mining and Metallurgy
# Engineering and Chemicals
# Light Industry and Food Processing
# High Technology
+ Agriculture
+ Construction
+ Transportation and Telecommunications
+ Private Sector
+ The Third Economy
o FOREIGN TRADE
+ Organization of Foreign Trade
+ Cooperation Agreements and Joint Ventures
+ Trade Volume and Structure
+ Trade Partners
o DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION
+ Domestic Trade Sector
+ Standard of Living
o ECONOMIC POLICY AND PERFORMANCE, 1945-85
o THE SEVENTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN (1986-90)
* Government and Politics
o CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
+ Constitution of 1949
+ Amendments of 1972
+ Constitutional Law Council
o STATE APPARATUS
+ Council of Ministers
+ Presidential Council
+ National Assembly
+ Elections to the National Assembly
+ County and District Government
+ Judicial Organs
o HUNGARIAN SOCIALIST WORKERS' PARTY
+ Ideology
+ Democratic Centralism
+ Party Structure
# Central Institutions
# Party Congress
# Central Committee
# Central Control Committee
# Politburo
# Secretariat
# Intermediate Institutions
# Basic Organizations
+ Discipline
+ Membership
+ Social Composition of the Party
+ Patriotic People's Front
o MASS MEDIA
o FOREIGN POLICY
+ Principles of Foreign Policy
+ Relations with the Soviet Union
+ Relations with Other Communist Neighbors
# Romania
# Czechoslovakia
# Yugoslavia
+ Relations with the West
# Austria
# West Germany
# Britain
# United States
+ Relations with Selected Non-Western Countries
# Israel
# China
# South Korea
+ Hungary and the Soviet Model
* National Security
o HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL SETTING
+ Historical Background and Traditions
# The Medieval Period
# The Modern Period
# The Military in Trianon Hungary
# Sovietization
# State Security Forces and the Revolution
+ The Postrevolutionary Period
+ Government and Party Control
# Expenditures
# Military Industry
+ Soviet Influence
# Loyalties and Control
# Soviet Southern Group of Forces in Hungary
+ External Threats to National Security
# Threat from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
# Threat from Romania
# Threat from the Soviet Union
o THE HUNGARIAN ARMED FORCES
+ Ground Forces
+ Air Force
+ Manpower
+ Conscientious Objection
+ Education and Training
# Conscript Programs
# Specialized-Officer Programs
# Premilitary Programs
# Paramilitary Programs
+ Uniforms and Rank Insignia
o INTERNAL SECURITY AND PUBLIC ORDER
+ National Police
+ Security Police
+ Border Guard
+ Workers' Guard
o CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
+ Incidence of Crime
+ Penal Code and Criminal Procedure
+ Military Justice
+ Penal System
+ Reaction to Political Dissent
* Appendix. Tables
* Glossary