Austria Study & Gudie - AllRefer - Austria Information

* COUNTRY PROFILE
o COUNTRY
o GEOGRAPHY
o SOCIETY
o ECONOMY
o TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
o GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
o NATIONAL SECURITY
* Introduction
* Historical Setting
o THE ALPINE-DANUBIAN REGION BEFORE THE HABSBURG DYNASTY
+ The Celtic and Roman Eras
+ The Early Medieval Era
+ The Holy Roman Empire and the Duchy of Austria
o RISE OF THE HABSBURG EMPIRE
+ The Habsburg Dynasty in the Late Medieval Era
+ Territorial Expansion, Division, and Consolidation
+ The Protestant Reformation in the Habsburg Lands
+ The Turkish Threat
o THE COUNTER-REFORMATION AND THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR
+ Division and Rebellion
+ The Thirty Years' War, 1618-48
+ The Peace of Westphalia
o THE BAROQUE ERA
+ Political and Religious Consolidation under Leopold
+ The Turkish Wars and the Siege of Vienna
+ The War of the Spanish Succession
+ The Pragmatic Sanction and the War of the Austrian Succession, 1740-48
o THE REFORMS OF MARIA THERESA AND JOSEPH II
+ Baroque Absolutism and Enlightened Despotism
+ The Strategic Impact of the Reform Era
o THE HABSBURG EMPIRE AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
+ The Napoleonic Wars
+ The Congress of Vienna
o AUSTRIA IN THE AGE OF METTERNICH
+ International Developments, 1815-48
+ Domestic Policies
o THE REVOLUTION OF 1848 AND NEOABSOLUTISM
+ Revolutionary Rise and Fall
+ The Failure of Neoabsolutism
+ Loss of Leadership in Germany
o AUSTRIA-HUNGARY TO THE EARLY 1900S
+ The Founding of the Dual Monarchy
+ Final Defeat in Germany and Reconciliation with Prussia
+ The Eastern Question
+ Internal Developments in Austria
o THE FINAL YEARS OF THE EMPIRE AND WORLD WAR I
+ The Crisis over Bosnia and Hercegovina
+ World War I
+ The End of the Habsburg Empire and the Birth of the Austrian Republic
o THE FIRST REPUBLIC
+ Overview of the Political Camps
+ The Foundation of the First Republic
+ Political Life of the 1920s and Early 1930s
+ The End of Constitutional Rule
+ Growing German Pressure on Austria
o THE ANSCHLUSS AND WORLD WAR II
+ Absorption of Austria into the Third Reich
+ Nazi Economic and Social Policies
+ Repression and Compliance
+ World War II and the Defeat of Nazi Germany
o RESTORED INDEPENDENCE UNDER ALLIED OCCUPATION
+ Foundation of the Second Republic
+ Four-Power Occupation and Recognition of the Provisional Government
+ The 1945 Election and Consolidation of the Austrian Government
+ Consolidation of Democracy
+ Austria's Integration with the West
+ The 1955 State Treaty and Austrian Neutrality
o THE GRAND COALITION AND THE AUSTRIAN PEOPLE'S PARTY CODA, 1955-70
+ Foreign Policy in the Late 1950s and 1960s
+ Elections and Parties
+ Domestic Tranquillity under the Grand Coalition
o THE KREISKY YEARS, 1970-83
+ Electoral Politics in the Kreisky Era
+ Domestic Issues
+ Foreign Policy
+ End of the Kreisky Era
* The Society and Its Environment
o GEOGRAPHY
+ Landform Regions
+ Human Geography
+ Climate
+ Ecological Concerns
o AUSTRIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY
o DEMOGRAPHY
+ Demographic Development
+ Immigration
+ Emigration
o SOCIAL MINORITIES
+ Official Minority Groups
+ Other Minorities
# Gypsies
# Jews
# Foreign Workers
+ Attitudes Toward Minorities
o SOCIAL STRUCTURE
o FAMILY LIFE
+ Family Developments after the 1960s
+ Status of Women
o RELIGION
o EDUCATION
o SOCIAL SECURITY
+ Employment, Unemployment, and Pension Benefits
+ Health and Health Insurance
+ Family Benefits
o HOUSING
* The Economy
o ECONOMIC GROWTH AND GOVERNMENT POLICY
+ Historical Background
+ Developments During the 1970s and 1980s
+ The New Policies
+ The Magic Pentagon
+ The Subsidy Policy
+ Foreign Workers in Austria
o PRINCIPAL ECONOMIC INTEREST GROUPS
+ The Chambers of Commerce
+ The Chambers of Agriculture
+ The Chambers of Labor
+ The Professions
+ The Austrian Trade Union Federation
+ Works Councils
+ The Federation of Austrian Industrialists
o SOCIAL PARTNERSHIP
o STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY
+ The Agricultural Sector
# The Government Role
# The Structure of Agriculture
+ The Industrial Sector
# Industry
# Efforts to Improve Competitiveness
# Mining and Minerals
+ Energy
+ The Services Sector
# Retail Trade
# Transportation and Telecommunications
# Tourism
# Money and Banking
o FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS
+ Foreign Trade and the Balance of Payments
+ Austria and European Integration
+ Openings Toward the East
* Government and Politics
o CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
o GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS
+ The Federal President
+ Chancellor and Cabinet
+ Nationalrat
+ Bundesrat
+ Bundesversammlung
+ Judicial System
# The Constitutional Court
# The Administrative Court
# Ordinary Courts
# Special Courts
# The People's Attorney
# Legal Training
+ Civil Service
+ Provincial Government
+ Local Government
+ Electoral System
o POLITICAL DYNAMICS
+ The Social Democratic Party of Austria
+ The Austrian People's Party
+ The Freedom Party of Austria
+ The Green Parties
+ Political Developments since 1983
# SP�-FP� Coalition, 1983-86
# Election of Kurt Waldheim as President
# The National Election of 1986 and the Grand Coalition of 1987-90
# The Parliamentary Election of 1990
# Events of 1991-93
o MASS MEDIA
+ Newspapers and Periodicals
+ Radio and Television
o FOREIGN RELATIONS
+ Foreign Policy During the Kreisky Era
+ New Focus on Europe
+ Regional Issues
* National Security
o HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
+ The Habsburg Military
+ Two World Wars: 1914-18 and 1939-45
o STRATEGIC CONCEPTS AND MISSIONS OF THE AUSTRIAN ARMED FORCES
o NEUTRALITY AND THE ARMED FORCES
o NATIONAL DEFENSE
+ Army
+ Personnel, Conscription, Training, and Reserves
+ Army Equipment
+ Air Force
+ Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
+ Military Justice
+ The Defense Budget
+ Domestic and Foreign Sources of Military Equipment
o INTERNAL SECURITY
+ Penal Codes
+ Criminal Court Proceedings
+ Police
+ Incidence of Crime
+ Penal System
* Appendix. Tables
* Glossary