Germany Study & Guide - AllRefer - Germany Information

* Table A. English Equivalents of Selected German Place-Names
* Table B. Selected Abbreviations
* Country Profile
o Country
o Geography
o Society
o Economy
o Transportation and Telecommunications
o Government and Politics
o National Security
* Introduction
* Historical Setting: Early History to 1945
o Early History
o Medieval Germany
+ The Merovingian Dynasty, ca. 500-751
+ The Carolingian Dynasty, 752-911
+ The Saxon Dynasty, 919-1024
+ The Salian Dynasty, 1024-1125
+ The Hohenstaufen Dynasty, 1138-1254
+ The Empire under the Early Habsburgs
o The Protestant Reformation
+ Martin Luther
+ Resistance to Lutheranism
+ The Peace of Augsburg
o The Thirty Years' War, 1618-48
+ The Counter-Reformation and Religious Tensions
+ Military Campaigns
+ The Peace of Westphalia
o The Age of Enlightened Absolutism, 1648-1789
+ Austria and Prussia
+ The Smaller States
o The French Revolution and Germany
o The German Confederation, 1815-66
+ Economic and Political Trends Toward Unification
+ The Revolutions of 1848
+ The Restoration
o Bismarck and Unification
o Imperial Germany
+ Political Parties
+ The Economy and Population Growth
+ The Tariff Agreement of 1879 and Its Social Consequences
+ Bismarck's Foreign Policy
+ Foreign Policy in the Wilhelmine Era
+ World War I
o The Weimar Republic, 1918-33
+ The Weimar Constitution
+ Problems of Parliamentary Politics
+ The Stresemann Era
+ Hitler and the Rise of National Socialism
o The Third Reich, 1933-45
+ The Consolidation of Power
+ Foreign Policy
+ The Outbreak of World War II
+ Total Mobilization, Resistance, and the Holocaust
+ Defeat
* Historical Setting: 1945 to 1990
o Postwar Occupation and Division
+ The Establishment of Occupation Zones
+ The Nuremberg Trials and Denazification
+ Political Parties and Democratization
+ The Creation of the Bizone
+ The Birth of the Federal Republic of Germany
+ The Birth of the German Democratic Republic
o West Germany and the Community of Nations
+ Rearmament and the European Defense Community
+ Social Market Economy
+ Ludwig Erhard and the Grand Coalition
o The Ulbricht Era, 1949-71
+ Consolidation of the New State
+ Planned Economy
+ The Warsaw Pact and the National People's Army
+ The Berlin Wall
+ The "Socialist State of the German Nation"
o The Social Democratic-Free Democratic Coalition, 1969-82
+ Willy Brandt
+ Ostpolitik
+ Helmut Schmidt
+ The Student Movement and Terrorism
+ The Greens
o The Christian Democratic/Christian Socialist-Free Democratic Coalition, 1983-
o The Honecker Era, 1971-89
+ The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
+ The New East German Constitution and the Question of Identity
+ Relations Between the Two Germanys
+ The Peace Movement and Internal Resistance
+ The Last Days of East Germany
o Opening of the Berlin Wall and Unification
* The Society and Its Environment
o Physical Setting
+ Topography
# North German Lowland
# Central German Uplands
# Southern Germany
# Alpine Foreland and the Alps
+ Drainage
+ Climate
+ The Environment
o Population
+ Historical Background
+ Fertility
+ Age-Gender Distribution
+ Mortality
+ Population Distribution and Urbanization
+ Immigration
# Foreign Residents
# Ethnic Germans
# Asylum-Seekers
+ Ethnic Minorities
o Women in Society
o Marriage and Family
o Housing
o Religion
+ Postwar Christianity
# Roman Catholicism
# Protestantism
# Free Churches
# Orthodox Churches
+ Judaism
+ Islam
o Social Structure and Social Mobility
+ Social Structure
# The Elite
# The Self-Employed
# Salaried Employees
# Civil Servants
# Workers
# The Poor
+ Social Mobility
o The Search for a New National Identity
* Social Welfare, Health Care, and Education
o Social Insurance and Welfare Programs
+ Historical Development
+ Provisions of the Social Welfare System
# Social Insurance
# Unemployment Insurance
# Accident Insurance
# Social Assistance
# Other Social Benefits
+ Current Social Welfare Issues and Outlook for the Future
o National Health Insurance and Medical Care
+ Development of the Health Care System
+ Health Insurance
+ Health Care Providers
+ Remuneration of Health Care Providers
+ Current Health Care Issues and Outlook for the Future
o Education
+ Historical Background
+ Educational Policy Making and Administration
+ Educational Finances
+ The Education System
# Elementary and Primary Education
# Junior Secondary Education
# Senior Secondary Education
# Vocational Education and Training
# Tertiary or Higher Education
+ Education in the New Lânder
+ Current Education Issues and Outlook for the Future
* The Domestic Economy
o Patterns of Development
+ History
+ The Social Market Economy
+ The Economic Miracle and Beyond
+ Unification and Its Aftermath
+ Structural and Technological Questions
o The Role of Government and Other Institutions
+ The Federal Government Role
# The Chancellor
# The Minister of Finance and the Minister for Economy
# The Bundeskartellamt
+ Land and Local Governments
+ Government Subsidies
+ Government Expenditures and the National Debt
+ The Associations
o The Culture of German Management
o Labor and Codetermination
+ Labor
+ Codetermination
o Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing
+ Agriculture
+ Forestry
+ Fishing
o Industry
+ Manufacturing
+ Energy and Natural Resources
o The Financial System
+ The Bundesbank
+ Banking and Its Role in the Economy
+ Nonbank Financing
o Other Services
+ Transportation
+ Telecommunications
+ Tourism
* International Economic Relations
o Germany in the World Economy
+ Germany in World Finance and in the Group of Seven
+ The Deutsche Mark as an International Currency
o Germany in the European Economy
+ Germany in the European Community
+ The European Single Market
+ Germany and the European Union
+ Germany in the European Monetary System
+ Germany and the European Monetary Union
o Foreign Trade and Investment
+ Trade Philosophy and the Trade Balance
+ International Investment in and by Germany
o Foreign Aid
* Government and Politics
o Constitutional Framework
+ The Constitution
+ Federalism
o Government Institutions
+ The President
+ The Chancellor and the Cabinet
+ The Legislature
# Bundestag
# Bundesrat
+ The Judiciary
+ The Civil Service
+ Land and Local Government
o The Electoral System
o Political Parties
+ Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union
+ Social Democratic Party of Germany
+ Free Democratic Party
+ The Greens
+ The Republikaner and the German People's Union
+ Party of Democratic Socialism
o Extraparty Political Forces
+ Business and Industry
+ Labor Unions
+ The Churches
+ Agriculture
+ Citizens' Initiative Associations
o The Mass Media
+ Newspapers
+ Radio and Television
o Political Developments since Unification
* Foreign Relations
o Major Foreign Policy Goals and Strategies
+ Early Developments
+ Postwar Developments
+ Unification
+ Foreign Reaction to Unification
+ Postunification Developments
o Foreign Policy Formulation
+ Institutional Framework
+ Domestic Influences on Foreign Policy
# Foreign Policy Positions of the Political Parties
# Public Opinion
+ The Out-of-Area Debate
o International Cooperation
+ North Atlantic Treaty Organization
+ Western European Union
+ Eurocorps
+ European Union
+ Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
+ United Nations
* Chapter 9. National Security
o Military Tradition
+ Early History
+ Prussia's Emergence as a Military Power
+ The German Military in Two World Wars
+ Creation of the Bundeswehr
o Strategic Concerns and Military Missions
o The Armed Forces
+ Command and Control
+ Army
# Equipment
# Franco-German Brigade and Eurocorps
+ Navy
+ Air Force
+ Training
+ Reserves
+ Morale
o Integration of East German Armed Forces
o Defense Budget
o Military Justice
o Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
o Citizens in Uniform
+ Personnel Policies
+ Service Obligations
+ Benefits
o Defense Production and Export
o Foreign Military Relations
o International Military Missions
o Internal Security
+ Federal Police Agencies
+ Land Police Agencies
+ Criminal Justice
+ Incidence of Crime and Incarceration
+ Dissidence and Terrorist Activity
* Appendix. Tables
* Glossary