Peru Study & Guide - AllRefer

* COUNTRY PROFILE
o GEOGRAPHY
o SOCIETY
o ECONOMY
o TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
o GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
o NATIONAL SECURITY
* Introduction
* Historical Setting
o ANDEAN SOCIETIES BEFORE THE CONQUEST
+ Pre-Inca Cultures
+ The Incas
o THE SPANISH CONQUEST, 1532-72
+ Pizarro and the Conquistadors
+ Consolidation of Control
o THE COLONIAL PERIOD, 1550-1824
+ Demographic Collapse
+ The Colonial Economy
+ Colonial Administration
+ The Colonial Church
+ Indigenous Rebellions
o INDEPENDENCE IMPOSED FROM WITHOUT, 1808-24
o POSTINDEPENDENCE DECLINE AND INSTABILITY, 1824-45
o THE GUANO ERA, 1845-70
+ Consolidation of the State
+ Failed Development
o THE WAR OF THE PACIFIC, 1879-83
o RECOVERY AND GROWTH, 1883-1930
+ The New Militarism, 1886-95
+ The Aristocratic Republic, 1895-1914
+ Impact of World War I
+ The Eleven-Year Rule, 1919-30
o MASS POLITICS AND SOCIAL CHANGE, 1930-68
+ Impact of the Depression and World War II
+ Rural Stagnation and Social Mobilization, 1948-68
o FAILED REFORM AND ECONOMIC DECLINE, 1968-85
+ Military Reform from Above, 1968-80
+ Return to Democratic Rule, 1980-85
+ Peru at the Crossroads
* The Society and Its Environment
o ENVIRONMENT AND POPULATION
+ Natural Systems and Human Life
# The Coastal Region
# The Andean Highlands
# High-Altitude Adaptations
# The Amazonian Tropics
# The Maritime Region
# Natural Disasters and Their Impact
+ People, Property, and Farming Systems
o HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND POPULATION THROUGH TIME
+ Settlement Patterns
+ Urban, Rural, and Regional Populations
+ Demography of Growth, Migration, and Work
# Population Policy and Family Planning
# Lima and the Patterns of Migration
+ Regionalism and Political Divisions
o CULTURE, CLASS, AND HIERARCHY IN SOCIETY
+ Indigenous Peoples
+ Legacy of Peonage
+ Elites
+ Military Classes
+ Urban Classes
o ASPECTS OF FAMILY LIFE
+ Urban Informal Sector
+ Domestic Servants
+ Godparenthood
+ Rural Family and Household
o COMMUNITY LIFE AND INSTITUTIONS
+ Catholicism and Community
+ Community Leadership
+ Landlords and Peasant Revolts in the Highlands
+ Shining Path and Its Impact
o EDUCATION, LANGUAGE, AND LITERACY
+ Educational System
+ Universities
o HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
* The Economy
o GROWTH AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE
+ Historical Background
# Orientation Toward Primary Product Exports
+ Structures of Production
# Agriculture
# Fishing
# Manufacturing
# Mining and Energy
# Services
# Banking
# Transportation and Communications
# Tourism
+ Foreign Trade and the Balance of Payments
# Export and Import Structures
# Economic Implications of Coca
# Balance of Payments and External Debt
+ Employment and Wages, Poverty, and Income Distribution
# Employment
# Wages
# Organized Labor
# Poverty
# Income Distribution
o ECONOMIC POLICIES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES
+ The Velasco Government
# Land Reform
# Labor and Capital in the Industrial Sector
# Protection and Promotion of Industry
# Nationalizations and State Firms
# Macroeconomic Imbalance: Domestic and External
+ The Search for New Directions, 1975-90
# The Second Bela�nde Government, 1980-85
# The Garc�a Government, 1985-90
# The Fujimori Government, 1990-91
o OUTSTANDING ISSUES
* Government and Politics
o GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM
+ Constitutional Development
+ The Executive
+ The Legislature
+ The Judiciary
+ Public Administration
+ Local and Regional Government
# Municipal Governments
# Regional Governments
+ The Electoral System
o POLITICAL DYNAMICS
+ Political Parties
# American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
# Popular Action
# The Christian Democrats
# The Democratic Front
# The Left
# Change '90
+ Nonparty Organizations
o INTEREST GROUPS
+ The Military
+ The Church
+ Economic Associations
+ Labor Unions
+ Students
+ News Media
o POLITICAL TRENDS
+ Roots of the 1990-91 Crisis
+ The Transition to Democracy
+ The Garc�a Government, 1985-90
+ The 1990 Campaign and Elections
+ Impact of the "Fujishock" Program
+ Prospects for the Fujimori Government
o FOREIGN RELATIONS
+ Foreign Relations Under Garc�a
+ Foreign Relations Under Fujimori
* National Security
o THE ARMED FORCES IN SOCIETY AND POLITICS
+ Changing Role Over Time: Preconquest
+ Colonial Period
+ Postindependence: Military Defeat and Nation-Building
+ Guardian of the New Liberal Elite
+ Reformer and Agent of Change
+ Protector of Democracy
+ Changing Constitutional Basis
+ Changing Foreign Military Missions and Impacts
o THE ARMED FORCES
+ Mission and Organization
+ Training
+ Army
+ Navy
+ Air Force
+ Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
+ The Military in the 1990s
o POLICE FORCES
+ General Police
+ Security Police
+ Technical Police
o CHANGING THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY
+ External Threats
+ Internal Threats
# Guerrillas in the 1960s
# Guerrillas Insurgency, 1980-92
# Narcotics Trafficking
o CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
+ Rising Crime Rates
+ Penal Code
+ Penal System
* Appendix. Tables
* Glossary