Romania Study & Guide - AllRefer - Romania Information

* Country Profile
o Country
o GEOGRAPHY
o SOCIETY
o ECONOMY
o TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
o GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
o NATIONAL SECURITY
* INTRODUCTION
* Historical Setting
o EARLY HISTORY FROM PREHISTORY TO THE ELEVENTH CENTURY
+ The Getae
+ Roman Dacia
+ The Age of the Great Migrations
o TRANSYLVANIA, WALACHIA, AND MOLDAVIA FROM THE ELEVENTH CENTURY TO THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
+ The Magyars' Arrival in Transylvania
+ Origins of Walachia and Moldavia
+ The Ottoman Invasions
o TRANSYLVANIA UNDER THE HABSBURGS, 1688-1867
+ The Uniate Church
+ The Reign of Joseph II
+ The Revolution of 1848
+ Unification of Transylvania and Hungary
o WALACHIA AND MOLDAVIA UNDER THE RUSSIAN PROTECTORATE, 1711- 1859
+ The Phanariot Princes
+ The Russian Protectorate
+ The Crimean War and Unification
o ROMANIA AND TRANSYLVANIA TO THE END OF WORLD WAR I, 1861- 1919
+ Romania under Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
+ The Balkan Wars and World War I
+ Greater Romania and the Occupation of Budapest
o GREATER ROMANIA TO THE END OF WORLD WAR II, 1920-45
+ The Agrarian Crisis and the Rise of the Iron Guard
+ World War II
+ Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation
o POSTWAR ROMANIA, 1944-85
+ Petru Groza's Premiership
+ Elimination of Opposition Parties
+ The Romanian People's Republic
+ The Post-Stalin Era
+ Gheorghiu-Dej's Defiance of Khrushchev
+ The Ceausescu Succession
+ Dynastic Socialism and the Economic Downturn
* The Society and Its Environment
o PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
+ Boundaries and Geographical Position
+ Topography
+ Climate
o POPULATION
+ Demographic History
+ Demographic Policy
+ Settlement Structure
# Traditional Settlement Patterns
# Rural-Urban Migration
+ Systematization: A Settlement Strategy
o ETHNIC STRUCTURE
+ Historical and Geographical Distribution
+ National Minorities under Communist Rule
# Nation-Building and National Minorities
# Language, Education, and Cultural Heritage
# Emigration: Problem or Solution?
o SOCIAL STRUCTURE
+ The End of the Ancien R�gime
+ The New Social Order
# The Peasantry
# The Proletariat
# The Intelligentsia
# The Ruling Elite
+ Social Mobility
o INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANS OF SOCIETY
+ Family
# The Evolution of Family Law
# Changes in Family Structure
# Family Life
+ Women and Women's Organizations
+ The Education System
# Administration
# Political Education and Socialization
# Education and Legitimacy of the Regime
# Preschool and Kindergarten
# Primary Education
# Secondary Education
# Higher Education
+ Religion
# Church-State Relations
# The Romanian Orthodox Church
# The Roman Catholic Church
# The Uniate Church
# Other Religions
o SOCIAL CONDITIONS
+ Housing
+ Public Health
+ State Welfare Assistance
* The Economy
o ECONOMIC STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS
+ Evolution
+ Administration and Control
# Stalin's Legacy
# Ownership of Economic Assets
# Dominance of the Romanian Communist Party
# Administrative Hierarchy
# Planning
# Pricing and Profit
# The State Budget
# Revenues
# Expenditures
+ Banking
# The Role of Banking in a Centrally Planned Economy
# Banking institutions
# Credit policy
# Currency
o NATURAL RESOURCES
+ Land
+ Water
+ Forests
+ Fossil Fuels
+ Other Minerals
o LABOR
+ Distribution by Economic Sectors
+ Unpaid Labor
+ Demographics
+ Productivity
o FOREIGN TRADE
+ Goals and Policy
+ Trading Partners
+ Structure of Exports and Imports
+ Retirement of the Foreign Debt
o INDUSTRY
+ Geographic Distribution
+ Energy
# Crisis of the 1980s
# Electric Power
# Oil and Gas
# Coal
+ Machine Building
# Aircraft Industry
# Automotive Industry
# Locomotives and Rolling Stock
# Machine Tools
# Computers and Automation Technology
# Electrical Engineering
# Shipbuilding
+ Metallurgy
+ Chemicals
+ Light Industry
o TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
+ Railroads
+ Highways
+ Inland Waterways
+ Maritime Navigation
+ Air Transport
+ Telecommunications
o AGRICULTURE
+ Agricultural Regions
+ Major Crops
+ Livestock
+ Fishing
+ Farming Practices
+ Farm Organization
+ Administration
+ Procurement and Distribution
+ Consumption
o GOALS FOR THE 1990s
* Government and Politics
o GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM
+ Constitutional Development
o STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONING OF THE GOVERNMENT
+ Central Government
# Grand National Assembly
# The State Council
# President of the Republic
# Council of Ministers
# Judicial System
+ Joint Party-State Organizations
+ Local Government
+ Electoral System
o ROMANIAN COMMUNIST PARTY
+ Membership
+ Organizational Structure
+ Ideology and Party Program
+ Party Training
o MASS ORGANIZATIONS
+ Union of Communist Youth
+ General Union of Trade Unions
o POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS DURING THE CEAUSESCU ERA
+ Period from 1965 to 1970
+ 1967 Party Conference
+ Rehabilitation and De-Stalinization
+ Tenth Party Congress
+ Eleventh Party Congress
+ Twelfth Party Congress
+ Thirteenth Party Congress
+ Cult of Personality
+ Emergence of an Organized Opposition
o MASS MEDIA
o FOREIGN POLICY
+ Administration
o RELATIONS WITH COMMUNIST STATES
+ Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
+ Hungary
o RELATIONS WITH NONCOMMUNIST STATES
+ West Germany
+ United States
+ Other Western Countries
+ Middle East
+ Africa
+ The CSCE Meeting in Vienna
* National Security
o HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
+ Defense of Romanian Lands in Ancient Times and the Middle Ages
+ Ottoman Domination and the Struggle for National Unity and Independence
# Military Development under Alexandru Ioan Cuza
# War of Independence, 1877-78
+ The Romanian Army in World War I
+ Security during the Interwar Years and the Second World War
+ Development of the Romanian Armed Forces after World War II
o MILITARY DOCTRINE AND STRATEGY
+ Evolution of Military Doctrine
+ Military Strategy
+ Arms Control
o ARMED FORCES
+ Command and Control of the Armed Forces
# Government and Party Organization for Defense
# Party Control of the Military
# Ceausescu and the Military
+ Armed Services
# Ground Forces
# Air Force
# Naval Forces
# Border Guards
+ Military Personnel
# Military Training
# Officer Education
# Reserves and Mobilization
# Ranks, Uniforms, and Insignia
+ The Military and the National Economy
# Military Budget
# Arms Production
# Naval Construction
# Aviation Industry
# Military Labor
+ Foreign Military Relations
# The Warsaw Pact
# Arms Sales
o LAW AND ORDER
+ Judicial System
# Courts
# Military Courts
# Penal Code
+ Crime
o SECURITY AND INTELLIGENCE SERVICES
+ Ministry of Interior and Security Forces
+ Dissidence
+ Department of External Information
* Appendix. Tables
* Glossary