Russia Study & Guide - AllRefer - Russia Information

* Table A. Chronology of Important Events
* Country Profile
o Country
o Geography
o Society
o Economy
o Transportation and Telecommunications
o Government and Politics
o National Security
* Introduction
* Historical Setting: Early History to 1917
o Early History
+ The Inhabitants of the East European Plain
+ The East Slavs and the Varangians
+ The Golden Age of Kiev
+ The Rise of Regional Centers
+ The Mongol Invasion
o Muscovy
+ The Rise of Muscovy
+ The Evolution of the Russian Aristocracy
+ Ivan IV
+ The Time of Troubles
+ The Romanovs
+ Expansion and Westernization
o Early Imperial Russia
+ Peter the Great and the Russian Empire
+ The Era of Palace Revolutions
+ Imperial Expansion and Maturation: Catherine II
o Ruling the Empire
+ War and Peace, 1796-1825
+ Reaction under Nicholas I
o Transformation of Russia in the Nineteenth Century
+ Economic Developments
+ Reforms and Their Limits, 1855-92
+ Foreign Affairs after the Crimean War
+ The Rise of Revolutionary Movements
+ Witte and Accelerated Industrialization
+ Radical Political Parties Develop
+ Imperialism in Asia and the Russo-Japanese War
o The Last Years of the Autocracy
+ Revolution and Counterrevolution, 1905-07
+ The Stolypin and Kokovtsov Governments
+ Active Balkan Policy, 1906-13
+ Russia at War, 1914-16
+ The Fatal Weakening of Tsarism
* Historical Setting: 1917 to 1991
o Revolutions and Civil War
+ The February Revolution
+ The Period of Dual Power
+ The Bolshevik Revolution
+ Civil War and War Communism
o The Era of the New Economic Policy
+ Lenin's Leadership
+ Stalin's Rise to Power
+ Foreign Policy, 1921-28
+ Society and Culture in the 1920s
o Transformation and Terror
+ Industrialization and Collectivization
+ The Purges
+ Mobilization of Society
+ Foreign Policy, 1928-39
o The War Years
+ Prelude to War
+ The Great Patriotic War
o Reconstruction and Cold War
+ Reconstruction Years
+ Onset of the Cold War
+ The Death of Stalin
o The Khrushchev Era
+ Collective Leadership and the Rise of Khrushchev
+ Foreign Policy under Khrushchev
+ Khrushchev's Reforms and Fall
o The Brezhnev Era
+ Collective Leadership and the Rise of Brezhnev
+ Foreign Policy of a Superpower
+ The Economy under Brezhnev
+ Culture and the Arts in the 1960s and 1970s
+ The Death of Brezhnev
o The Leadership Transition Period
+ The Andropov Interregnum
+ The Chernenko Interregnum
o The Gorbachev Era
+ Gorbachev's First Year
+ New Thinking: Foreign Policy under Gorbachev
# Perestroika
# Glasnost
# Demokratizatsiya
+ Gorbachev's Reform Dilemma
+ Nationality Ferment
+ The August Coup and Its Aftermath
* Physical Environment and Population
o Physical Environment
+ Global Position and Boundaries
+ Administrative and Territorial Divisions
+ Topography and Drainage
# Topography
# Drainage
+ Climate
o Environmental Problems
+ Environmental Conditions
# Major Crises
# Air Quality
# Water Quality
# Soil and Forests
# Radioactive Contamination
+ The Response to Environmental Problems
o Population
+ Demographic Conditions
# Fertility
# Abortion
# Mortality
+ Migration
# Issues and Procedures
# Migration Patterns
o Future Prospects
* Ethnic, Religious, and Cultural Setting
o Ethnic Composition
+ The Russians
+ Minority Peoples and Their Territories
# The North Caucasus
# The Northern Republics
# The Volga and Ural Republics
# The Republics of Siberia
+ Other Ethnic Groups
# Germans
# Koreans
# Roma
+ Movements Toward Sovereignty
# The Chechnya Dilemma
# The Caucasus Region in the Federation
# Responses and Prospects
o Religion
+ The Russian Orthodox Church
# Beliefs and Ritual
# Church History
+ Other Religions
# Non-Orthodox Christian Religions
# Islam
# Judaism
+ Religion and Foreign Policy
o The Russian Language
o Literature and the Arts
+ Literature
# The Beginnings
# Peter and Catherine
# The Nineteenth Century
# The Soviet Period and After
+ Music
+ Ballet
+ Architecture and Painting
o Outlook
* The Society and Its Environment
o Social Structure
+ Social Stratification
+ Wages and Work
+ Rural Life
+ Social Organizations
+ The Family
+ The Role of Women
+ Sexual Attitudes
o Education
+ The Soviet Heritage
+ The Post-Soviet Education Structure
# Infrastructure
# Teachers
# Curriculum
# Grade Structure
# Private Schools
# Educational Achievement
+ Higher Education
+ Education and Society
o Health
+ Health Conditions
# Maternity, Infant Care, and Birth Control
# Alcohol, Narcotics, and Tobacco
# Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
+ The Health System
o Housing
+ The Soviet Era
+ Post-Soviet Conditions
+ Land Reform and Private Enterprise
o Social Welfare
+ Pensions
+ Worker Protection and Benefits
+ The Homeless
* The Economy
o Historical Background
+ The Eras of Lenin and Stalin
+ The Postwar Growth Period
+ Reform and Resistance
+ The Perestroika Program
+ Unforeseen Results of Reform
o Economic Reform in the 1990s
+ The Yeltsin Economic Program
# Macroeconomic Stabilization Measures
# Economic Restructuring Measures
+ Monetary and Fiscal Policies
# Inflation
# Exchange Rates
+ Privatization
+ Economic Conditions in Mid-1996
o Natural Resources
o Agriculture
+ Crops
+ Agricultural Policy
# Soviet Policy
# The Gorbachev Reforms
# Yeltsin's Agricultural Policies
+ Agricultural Production
o Energy
+ Exploitation and Consumption
+ Oil
+ Natural Gas
+ Coal
+ Nuclear Energy
+ Conventional Power Generation
+ Foreign Investment in Oil and Gas
o Banking and Finance
+ The Soviet Financial System
+ The Financial Sector in the 1990s
# Reform of the Banking System
# Commercial Banks
# Other Financial Institutions
+ Taxation
o The Labor Force
+ Unemployment
+ Wages
o Manufacturing
+ Ferrous Metallurgy
+ Nonferrous Metallurgy
+ The Automotive Industry
+ Machine Building
+ Light Industry
+ Chemicals
o Transportation and Telecommunications
+ Transportation
# Roads
# Railroads
# Air Transportation
# Water Transportation
# Pipelines
# Public Transportation
# Transportation Reform
+ Telecommunications
# The Soviet Period
# Telecommunications in the 1990s
o Foreign Economic Relations
+ Foreign Trade
+ Foreign Investment
+ Foreign Debt
o The Economic Outlook
* Government and Politics
o Historical Background
o The Constitution and Government Structure
+ The Executive Branch
# Presidential Powers
# Informal Powers and Power Centers
# Presidential Elections
# The Government (Cabinet)
+ The Parliament
# Structure of the Federal Assembly
# Legislative Powers
# The Legislative Process
# Clashes of Power, 1993-96
+ The Judiciary
# Judicial Reform
# Structure of the Judiciary
o Local and Regional Government
+ The Federation Treaty and Regional Power
# Local Jurisdictions under the Constitution
# Power Sharing
# Presidential Power in the Regions
+ The Separatism Question
o Political Parties and Legislative Elections
+ The Elections of 1993
+ The Elections of 1995
o Civil Rights
+ General Civil Rights Guarantees
+ Criminal Justice Protections
o The Media
+ The Print Media
+ The Broadcast Media
o The Political Outlook
* Chapter 8. Foreign Relations
o The Emergence of Russian Foreign Policy
+ The Search for Objectives
+ The State of the Federation Speeches
o The Foreign Policy Mechanism
+ The President
+ The Security Council
+ The Parliament
+ The Government (Cabinet)
# The Ministry of Foreign Affairs
# The Ministry of Defense
o Regional Policies
+ The Near Abroad
# Moldova
# Georgia
# Central Asia
# Other Former Soviet Republics
+ The United States
# The Yeltsin-Bush Summits
# The Yeltsin-Clinton Summits
+ Western Europe
+ NATO
+ Central Europe
# The NATO Issue
# Russia's Role in the Former Yugoslavia
+ China
+ Japan
+ Other Asian States
+ The Third World
+ The Middle East
+ Latin America
o Foreign Policy Prospects
* Chapter 9. The Armed Forces
o Historical Background
o Military Doctrine
+ Soviet Doctrine
+ The Doctrine of 1993
# Political Principles
# Military Principles
# Military-Technical and Economic Principles
# The Doctrine of the Future
o The Geopolitical Context
+ Chechnya
+ The Commonwealth of Independent States
# Georgia
# Armenia
# Azerbaijan
# Moldova
# Central Asia
+ Kaliningrad
+ China
+ The NATO Issue
+ Nuclear Arms Issues
o The Defense Industry
+ Structure and Conditions
+ The Defense Budget
+ New Weaponry Acquisitions
+ Foreign Arms Sales
+ Prospects for the Defense Industry
o Force Structure
+ Command Structure
+ Ground Forces
+ Naval Forces
+ Air Forces
+ Air Defense Forces
+ Strategic Rocket Forces
+ Airborne Troops
o Performance
+ Troop Support Elements
+ Crime in the Military
+ Training
# Military Schools
# Field Training
+ Reform Plans
o Prospects for the Military
* Chapter 10. Internal Security
o Internal Security Before 1991
o Successor Agencies to the KGB
+ Ministry of Security (MB)
+ Federal Counterintelligence Service (FSK)
+ Federal Security Service (FSB)
+ Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information (FAPSI)
+ Main Guard Directorate (GUO)
+ Federal Border Service and Border Security
# Border Security Agencies
# Post-Soviet Border Policy
o Security Operations in Chechnya
o Crime
+ Crime in the Soviet Era
+ The Crime Wave of the 1990s
# Crime Statistics
# Organized Crime
# Nuclear Security
# Terrorism
# Narcotics
o The Criminal Justice System
+ Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD)
+ The Procuracy
+ Criminal Law Reform in the 1990s
+ Secrecy Laws
+ How the System Works
o Prisons
o Outlook
* Appendix. Tables
* Glossary