Zaire Study & Guide - AllRefer

* Table A. Chronology of Important Events
* Table B. City Name Changes, 1966-72
* Country Profile
o COUNTRY
o GEOGRAPHY
o SOCIETY
o ECONOMY
o TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
o GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
o NATIONAL SECURITY
* INTRODUCTION
* Historical Setting
o HUMAN ORIGINS
o EARLY HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
+ State Systems Versus Segmentary Societies
+ Rulers and Ruled
+ External Pressures
o THE COLONIAL STATE
+ The Leopoldian Legacy
+ Belgian Paternalism: Underlying Postulates
+ The Apparatus of Control
+ Postwar Reforms
o NATIONALIST AWAKENINGS
+ The Rise of Militant Ethnicity: Abako
+ The Challenge of Territorial Nationalism: Lumumba and the MNC
+ Settler Politics in Katanga
o THE CRISIS OF DECOLONIZATION
+ The Road to Independence
+ The Mutiny of the Force Publique
+ The Center No Longer Holds
+ The Secession of Katanga
+ The UN Intervention
o THE FIRST REPUBLIC, 1960-65
+ The Adoula Government, August 1961-July 1964
+ Rural Insurgencies: The "Second Independence"
+ Mobutu's Second Coming
o THE SECOND REPUBLIC, 1965-90: THE REBIRTH OF BULA MATARI
+ Mobutu, Self-Proclaimed Father of the Nation
+ Toward Political Reconstruction
+ The Quest for Legitimacy
+ The Expansion of State Authority
+ Zairianization, Radicalization, and Retrocession
+ External Threats to Regime Stability
+ The Durability of the Patrimonial State
* The Society and Its Environment
o GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT
+ Rivers and Lakes
+ Geographic Regions
+ Climate
+ Environmental Trends
o POPULATION
+ Size and Growth
+ Population Distribution
+ Urbanization: Causes and Characteristics
o LANGUAGES
+ Officially Recognized Languages
+ Other Indigenous Languages
o ETHNIC GROUPS
+ Non-Bantu-Speakers of the Northern Savannas and Forest Fringe
+ Bantu-Speakers of the Congo River Basin and Its Environs
+ Bantu-Speakers of the Eastern Forest and Plain
+ Bantu-Speakers of the Eastern Highlands
+ Peoples of the Savanna: Southeastern Zaire
+ Peoples of the Savanna: Lunda Region
+ Peoples of the Southern Uplands: Kasai-Shaba
+ Peoples of the Lower Kasai and Its Tributaries
+ Peoples Between the Kwango and the Kasai
+ The Kongo Peoples
+ The Significance of Ethnic Identification
o INDIGENOUS SOCIAL SYSTEMS
o ZAIRIAN SOCIAL CLASSES
+ The External Estate
+ The Politico-Commercial Class
+ The New Commercial Class
+ Other High-Status Groups
+ The Subbourgeoisie
+ The Working Class
+ The Informal Sector
+ Peasants
o POLARIZATION AND PROSPECTS FOR CONFLICT
o STRATEGIES OF SURVIVAL
+ Coping and Hustling
+ Theft and Bribery
+ Patron-Client Relations
+ Resistance
+ Flight
o THE STATUS OF WOMEN
o RELIGION
+ The Roman Catholic Church
+ Protestant Churches
+ The Kimbanguist Church
+ Other African Christian Movements
# Jamaa
# Kitawala
+ Traditional African Religions
o EDUCATION
+ Policy Changes
+ Institutional Problems
o HEALTH AND MEDICAL SERVICES
+ Incidence of Disease
+ Health Care System
+ Sanitation and Nutrition
+ Family Planning
* The Economy
o BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW OF THE ECONOMY
+ Early Economic Activity
+ From Colonial Times to Independence
+ Postindependence
+ Zairianization
+ Economic Decline
+ The 1983 Reforms
+ The 1987 Plan
+ The 1989 Reform
o ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
+ Parastatals
+ Patrimonial Politics and Corruption
+ Investment Projects
o STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF THE ECONOMY
+ Gross Domestic Product
+ The Informal Economy
+ Currency
+ Inflation
+ Budget
+ Debt
+ Banking
+ Labor
o AGRICULTURE
+ National Land Law System
+ Crops
+ Forestry
+ Fishing and Livestock
o MINING
+ Copper and Zinc
+ Cobalt
+ Manganese
+ Tin and Related Minerals
+ Gold
+ Diamonds
o INDUSTRY
o ENERGY
+ Petroleum and Other Fuels
+ Electricity
o TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
o FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS
+ Trade and Balance of Payments
+ Foreign Aid
+ Foreign Investment
o PROSPECTS FOR GROWTH
* Government and Politics
o POSTINDEPENDENCE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
+ Establishment of a Personalistic Regime
+ The Party-State as a System of Rule
o POLITICAL REFORM IN THE 1990s
+ Proclamation of the Third Republic
+ Subsequent Political Developments, 1990-93
o STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT
+ The Presidency
+ The National Executive Council
+ The Legislature
+ The Judiciary and the Courts
+ Local Government
o POLITICAL DYNAMICS
+ Managing the Military
+ Opposition to the Regime prior to 1990
# Armed Opposition
# Fragmented Exile Movements
# The UDPS
+ Opposition since 1990
+ Interest Groups
# Organized Labor
# Religious Groups
# Students
# Ethnic Groups
# Other Interest Groups
+ The Media
o FOREIGN POLICY
+ Relations with the West
# Relations with Belgium
# Relations with France
# Relations with the United States
+ Relations with the Communist World
+ Regional Relations
# Involvement in the Angolan Civil War
# Relations with Angola since the War
# Relations with Other Neighbors
# Relations with North Africa
* National Security
o NATIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT
o EVOLUTION OF THE ARMED FORCES
+ The Colonial Period
+ The Congolese National Army
+ The Military under Mobutu
+ Creation of the Zairian Armed Forces
+ Involvement in Angola
+ Shaba I
+ Shaba II
o PUBLIC ATTITUDES TOWARD THE MILITARY
o ARMED FORCES MISSIONS AND ORGANIZATION
+ Army
+ Navy
+ Air Force
+ National Gendarmerie
o ARMED FORCES MANPOWER AND TRAINING
+ Recruitment and Retention
+ Conditions of Service
+ Military Schools
+ Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia
o FOREIGN MILITARY RELATIONS
+ Foreign Influences
+ Zaire as a Military Aid Donor
o PUBLIC ORDER AND INTERNAL SECURITY
o THE CIVIL SECURITY APPARATUS
+ Development of a National Police Force
# National Gendarmerie
# The Civil Guard
+ Local Police
+ The Intelligence Apparatus and Security Forces
+ The Party Security Apparatus
+ Popular Attitudes Toward the Civil Security Apparatus
o THE LEGAL AND PENAL SYSTEMS
+ Criminal Law and the Penal Code
+ The Judicial System
+ The Prison System
o CIVIL AND HUMAN RIGHTS
* Appendix. Tables
* Glossary